Bibliography For Human Respiratory and Cardiac Systems

Bibliography
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About.com '2004' 'Coronary Heart Disease Statistics' Available from

http://quitsmoking.about.com/ Accessed 4th May 2010

Bioen 'No Date' From Bing Images Available from http://www.bioen.utah.edu/ Accessed April 2010

Biology Reference '1998' 'Heart and Circulation' Available from http://www.biologyreference.com/

Accessed 29th March 2010

Blog Spot 'No Date' 'Artery Disease' Available from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/

Accessed May 2010

Blog Spot 'No Date' 'Smoking' Available from http://3.bp.blogspot.com/ Accessed May 2010

Burgermann '1998 - 2005' 'Arteries' Available from http://www.burgermann.info/ Accessed

29th March 2010

Cardiology Associates 'No Date' From Bing Images Available from http://www.cardiologyassociates.net/

Accessed May 2010

CDLI 'No Date' From Bing Images Available from http://www.cdli.ca/

Chest X -ray 'June 2000' 'Lung Cancer' Available from http://www.chestx-ray.com/smokers

Accessed 4th May 2010

Colorado Edu 'No Date' From Bing Images Available from http://www.colorado.edu/

Accessed May 2010

Ezine Articles 'August 28th 2006' 'The Nervous System & The Respiratory Regulation

Mechanism' Available from http://ezinearticles.com/ Accessed 29th March 2010

Faculty 'No Date' From Bing Images Available from http://www.faculty.weber.edu/

Accessed May 2020

Getwell Nature 'No Date' 'Blood' Available from http://www.getwellnatural.com/ Accessed April 2010

Goalfinder 'No Date' 'Plasma' Available from http://www.goalfinder.com/ Accessed April 2010

Heartsite '23rd August 2009' 'Heart Electrical Activity' Available from

http://www.heartsite.com/ Accessed 29th March 2010

Health Pictures 'No Date' 'Coronary Heart Disease' Available from http://health-pictures.com/

Accessed May 2010

Helium Sciences '2002 - 2010' 'The Function Of Red Blood Cells' Available from

http://www.helium.com/ Accessed 29th March 2010

How Stuff Works 'No Date' From Bing Images Available from http://www.howstuffworks.com/

Accessed May 2010

Ivy-Rose '2003 - 2010' 'The Structure and Functions Of Blood' & 'Blood Vessels' Available from

http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/ Accessed 29th March 2010

Klb School 'No Date' From Bing Images Available from http://www.klbschool.org.uk/ Accessed May

2010

Learn SD State 'No Date' 'Red Blood Cells' Available from http://www.learn.sdstate.edu/ Accessed April

2010

Life Extension 'No Date' 'Coronary Artery Disease and Atherosclerosis' Available from

http://www.lef.org/protocols/heart_circulatory/ Accessed 4th May 2010

Medical Movement '1st Feb 2005' 'Controlling Your Blood Pressure and Cholesterol' Available

from http://www.medicalmoment.org/ Accessed 4th May 2010

News Img BBC 'No Date' 'Lungs' Available from http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/ Accessed 4th May

2010

NHS Choices '14th October 2009' 'Lung Cancer' Available from http://www.nhs.uk/conditions

Accessed 4th May 2010

Pendleton James 'December 13th 2008' 'The Structure Of A Human Red Blood Cell'

Available from http://cellstissuesmembranes.suite101.com/ Accessed 29th March 2010

People 'No Date' 'Cardiac Output' Available from www.///people.eku.edu/ Accessed March

2010

Quit Smoking.Com '1997 - 2008' 'How Smoking Affects Your Body' Available from

http://www.quitsmoking.com/ Accessed 4th May 2010

RBCH NHS 'No Date' 'Heart Structure' Available from http://www.rbch.nhs.uk/ Accessed March 2010

Revision World 'No Date' From Bing Images Available from http://www.revisionworld.com/

Accessed May 2010

Right Health 'No Date' 'Respiratory Systems' Available from http://www.righthealth.com/

Accessed March 2010

Smart Images 'No Date' 'Heart' Available from http://www.smartimages.com/ Accessed May 2010

Smoking Lungs 'January 8th 2009' 'The Lung Cancer And Cigarette Smoking Web Page'

Avalible from http://www.smokinglungs.com/

Succeed 'No Date' 'Carbon DioxideTransport' Available from http://www.succeed.ufl/edu/

Accessed April 2010

Teach PE 'No Date' 'Transport of Oxygen' Available from http://www.teachpe.com/

Accessed April 2010

The Information Site 'No Date' 'Cholesterol' Available from http://www.theinformationsites.com/

Accessed 4th May 2010

The Respiratory Pulse Org 'No Date' 'Respiratory Systems' Available from

http://www.the-respiratory-pulse.org.ve/ Accessed March 2010

Users,rcn '23rd March 2010' 'Blood' Available from http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/

Accessed 29th March 2010

Vital Imaging 'No Date' 'Lungs' Available from http://www.vitalimaging.co.uk/lung.htm

Accessed 4th May 2010

Effects Of Smoking On The Body

6.2 Evaluate The Effects Of Smoking On Body Systems

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Pictures from:- http://3.bp.blogspot.com/
http://www.robertsandtravers.co.uk/

The body can be effected in many ways due to smoking, there are over 40 different chemicals in cigarettes and each is harmful in different ways. Looking at the body from top to bottom we begin at the mouth, smoking can cause mouth cancer, gum disease, tooth decay and bad breath, not to mention how the tar discolours our teeth making them yellow. Smoking also causes us to have less oxygen going around the body causing narrowing of the blood vessels to the brain which can then cause a stroke, a smoker may also suffer from a lot of headaches.

When we inhale the chemicals they travel down the chest going through the bronchi, the chemicals then attack the lining of the bronchi causing them inflammation which is what causes the smokers cough. Due to the bronchial being damaged a smoker is more likely to get infections in this area. The smokers cough can get worse by the build up of mucus in the lungs, a smoker is very likely to get lung cancer and also emphysema.

Our heart also gets severally damaged when smoking as we can get high blood pressure and there for we are more likely to get blood clots. The carbon monoxide takes oxygen away from the blood and this then causes a build up of cholesterol deposits on the artery walls, these all then add to the risk of a heart attack. There is also the risk of stroke, loss of circulation in fingers and toes and also a chance of importance.
Other parts of the body system that can be effected by smoking are the digestive system, the chemicals in the cigarettes can cause throat cancer and also oesophagus cancer, smoking also raises the amount of acid secreted therefore we are more susceptible to heart burn and ulcers, smokers also have a higher chance of getting pancreatic cancer. Many of the chemicals that are in cigarettes go out of the system through urine, this then leads to higher risk of developing bladder cancer, this is a cancer that normally is fatal, the kidneys can also be damaged due to high blood pressure.
Overall if you are a smoker you have much higher risk of developing serious illness, cancers and organ failures and you are more likely to die younger than a person who doesn't smoke.

Smoking And Lung Cancer

Picture from:- http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk



6.1b Analyse The Relationship Between Smoking
and Lung Cancer
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This blog is looking at smoking and it's relation to lung cancer. Lung cancer is can be a primary and a secondary source, primary comes in two forms, non small cell and small cell. Non small is the one that is most common and this is responsible for on average 80% cases of lung cancer (nhs uk web). Small cell is less common and the possibility of this is the remaining 20%, this form is a more aggressive one and this usually spreads quicker. After skin cancer lung cancer is the most common one and there is around 31,000 (nhs uk) new cases discovered each year, this is in England and Wales.
Smoking it the biggest thing to cause lung cancer, in cigarettes there is more than 40 different things and the more you smoke the higher the risk you have of developing lung cancer. There is also greater risk the longer you have smoked, however after a very long period of time from stopping smoking the risk of developing lung cancer drops, when you smoke there is a 90% chance you will develop lung cancer (www.smokinglungs ).
Overall smoking really does cause our lungs a lot of damage and many sources say the same thing that the biggest cause of lung cancer is smoking, so the best way for us to afford lung cancer is not to smoke, we are also at risk of lung cancer if we are around a smoker for long periods of time, as passive smoking can be as dangerous to our health as smoking can be.

Smoking And Coronary Heart Disease

Picture from: http://health-pictures.com/

6.1a Analyse The Relationship Between Smoking
And Coronary Heart Disease
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Coronary heart disease is one of the biggest causes of death and it is the most common cause of death related to smoking. When smoking the toxins that are in cigarettes cause a build up plaque in the arteries, this then causes atherosclerosis, which is hardening of the arteries. Once the arteries harden inflammation occurs in the walls and then there is opportunity for blood clots to form which then reduce the flow of blood, which can cause heart attacks or strokes.
Coronary heart disease which can be from a result of smoking is also a result from atherosclerosis which can also be linked to smoking. High blood pressure which can also be smoking induced is also related to coronary heart disease because the heart is having to work harder to push the blood around effectively enough to keep the pressure up.
So overall smoking is linked to all major factors to do with coronary heart disease blood pressure, hardening of the arteries, heart attacks and strokes.

The Relationship Between Diet, Blood Pressure, Blood Cholesterol and Circulatory Disease

Picture from:- www.theinformationsites.com

5.2 Discuss The Relationship Between Diet, Blood Pressure,
Blood Cholesterol and Circulatory Disease
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Having a poor diet can result in you developing high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, this is due to the build up of fat and waste in the arteries causing clotting and blockages. When our diet consist of a lot of high saturated fats it leads us to have high cholesterol because our body systems all link together. When we have a high cholesterol level it causes a rise in our blood pressure, this is because our heart is having to work harder to try and circulate the blood around effectively even though our arteries are becoming blocked due to the build up of fats. Has our blood pressure gets higher this also puts pressure on the blood vessels causing them to narrow which restricts the normal flow of blood and increases the pressure. When the pressure of the blood flow is increased it puts strain on the heart which could then lead to damaging the heart by way of a heart attack, high blood pressure can also cause a stroke and overall cause circulatory disease. Having high blood cholesterol which is linked to a poor diet can also damage the artery walls because it makes them more vulnerable to having fatty acids attach to them that are floating around which causes atheroma, again linked to circulatory disease.

Overall when people say you are what you eat is true in the case of your arteries, if you eat a lot of fatty food then that is what your arteries become blocked up with the fat and build up of plaque and calcium, that eventually could break away causing serious health issues.

Changes In Artery Structure Associated With Circulatory Disease

5.1 Describe The Changes In Artery Structure Associated With Circulatory Disease
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Pictures from:- http://1.bp.blogspot.com

www.sssibia.co

This blog is going to look at how the artery structure is effected due to circulatory disease. Circulatory disease begins when there is a malfunction of special cells that line the arteries.The cells are called endothelial cells and they are the key to atherosclerosis and it is the under laying cause of the dysfunction of endothelial. At the beginning of artherosclerosis there is inflammation and immune cell activation at the endothelial level, this then causes the malfunction of the endothelial and damage is then eventually caused to the artery and there is a build up of plaque.
Our arteries have three layers, the outside layer is mainly connective tissue and it gives the structure to support the under layers. The middle layer is smooth muscle, this contracts and dilates which allows the control of the blood flow and to maintain blood pressure. The inner layer is a thin layer of endothelial cells and this provides a smooth, protective surface. The endothelial cells prevent toxic, blood borne substances from getting to the smooth muscle of the artery. The cells also help to respond to a change in blood pressure and they release a substance into the cells of the smooth muscle that help change the muscle tone of the artery. They also secrete chemicals, these chemicals create a protective response in the artery for when there is an injury, one of the messages is sending a signal to the smooth muscle cells and white blood cells to gather around a site where injury may be.
As we get older the endothelium gets leaky, this lets lipids and toxins out and they break through the endothelial layer and enter the smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cells then build up where the artery is damaged and the artery then looses some of it's flexibility. The white blood cells are then signalled by the endothelium and they gather along the cell wall, the white blood cells then produce pro - inflammatory substances such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, they also damage free radicals that attack the endothelium. Has this is happening toxins start to break through into the arterial wall and lipids like ldl, cholesterol and triglycerides gather and become oxidized.
Once the oxidized process has begun the body then starts to try and build up a immune response, this causes the white blood cells to attack the fats which then causes more inflammation in the arterial wall. The smooth muscle cells then try and build up a collagen this is to form a cap over the damaged area, however the mixture of the white blood cells, smooth muscle cells and the lipids that are oxidized create a plaque deposit. The plaque deposit then over time forms a build up of calcium that accumulates on it which then creates a brittle cap. The brittle cap could then rupture which could result in the formation of a blood clot, which could then lead to a heart attack or stroke, or could even effect the lungs. However there is also the possibility that the blood clot stays where it is and doesn't cause a problem.
There is also artheroselerosis, which is a build up of fatty tissue, this causes the artery wall which is normally smooth with no friction to be rough and also to build up with plaque. This is caused by high blood pressure and as the the plaque builds up the lumen decreases causing the blood pressure to raise even more.
The reason blood clots occur or people have heart attacks or strokes is because there is a lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart because the arteries are blocked due to circulatory disease, which is causing the build up of plaque.
Overall we can do things to try and prevent ourselves getting circulatory disease and that is to try and lead a sensible healthy lifestyle. Smoking and a high cholesterol diet are a big factor in the disease along with high blood pressure, all of which can be controlled if we want to make changes for the good of ourselves.

The Process For Redistributing Blood During Exercise

Picture from:- www.learn.sdstate.edu

4.2 Explain The Processes For Redistributing
Blood During Exercise
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This blog is looking at how blood redistributes during exercise, during exercise our blood flow increases due to the increase in the heart rate. When at rest the blood flow to our muscles is only around 20 -25% but during exercise that increases to around 80 - 85% (biosbcc.net). The increase in the blood flow to our skeletal muscles is iniciated by three things, an increase in our cardiac output, vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles and vasoconstriction of arterioles in the viscera and skin.
The increase in our cardiac output is caused by the sympathetic nervous system, the increase in this causes the heart rate and stroke volume to increase. During exercise the increase venous return of blood to the heart this is done by way of the skeletal muscle pump and also by the respiratory pump. When there is an increase in the venous return it leads to an increase in end diastolic volume, which then causes the stroke volume to be increased.
The most important factor of the flow of blood being monitored correctly during exercise is local metabolic control, this is vasodilation of the skeletol muscle arterioles. During exercise the muscle activity increases which causes the build up of metabolites and that then induces the vasodilation of the local arterioles. As well as this the beta adrenergic stimulation by epinephrine causes vasodilation of arterioles in the skeletal muscles.
Leading from the alpha adrenergic sympathetic stimulation, arterioles in the viscera and skin vasocnstrict during exercise, this is vasoconstriction of arterioles in the viscera and skin. During exercise our body temperature rises, cutaneus arterioles dilate in order to radiate heat and reduce body temperature.
So overall during exercise our heart rate increases causing the blood flow to increase and rise towards the skin, the increase of blood flow also allows more blood to go towards the skeletal muscles due to them working harder and needing the energy produced to allow them to work correctly and effectively.